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Virtual JFK: The 44th President’s Foreign Policy Challenge

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Posted on Oct 29, 2008
Collage: AP photo / Chip Somodevilla, pool / Wikimedia Commons

By James G. Blight and janet M. Lang

(Page 5)

Yet even that grim scenario is a cakewalk compared to the likelier outcome of a U.S. invasion. Based on our own research and the research of others in Cuba and Russia, we now know that the Russians had tactical nuclear warheads on the island, along with fully assembled and tested launchers, and that in the face of a U.S. invasion the Russian commanders in Cuba would probably have used their battlefield nuclear weapons, leading to escalation and the possible total destruction of Cuba, and perhaps the U.S. and Soviet Union as well. Instead, JFK chose to resist the efforts of his generals and many civilian hotheads. He was much less worried about a “defeat” than he was about escalation to unanticipated, uncontrolled and catastrophic war. We believe few modern presidents other than JFK would have been able to resist the pressure to use military force with regard to Cuba in the missile crisis and to Vietnam throughout his presidency. It seems to us unlikely that LBJ would have resisted the “hotheads” had he been president during the missile crisis. It seems even more unlikely that a president with John McCain’s bottom line—never accept defeat, and beat the other guy to the punch—would have been able to do so. Indeed, it seems more likely that a President McCain in October 1962 would have been leading the charge to attack, just as President George W. Bush led the phalanx within his administration determined to undertake the war of choice in Iraq.

Of course, the scenario is hypothetical. But an important question underlies Kristof’s point. In a crisis, a national emergency, in a situation when the chips are down, what kind of president do we want—one with a short fuse and a penchant for military solutions, like McCain, or one with a longer fuse and a proclivity toward political alternatives, like Obama?

The Vietnam War looms very large among the components that collectively we call John McCain’s bottom line: avoid defeat. McCain’s narrative of the Vietnam War is not about President Johnson caving in to tremendous pressure from his advisers to take the nation to war. In fact, the McCain narrative tends to omit the escalation of the war, questions of whether the escalation of the war was inevitable or even necessary, and nearly everything about the war itself, with one exception. That exception is what McCain and his supporters tell themselves about the way the war ended. The narrative, in outline, is roughly as follows: The U.S. was winning the war in Vietnam by the early 1970s; the left-wing Democrat-controlled Congress cut off funding for the war just as the U.S. and its allies were on the verge of victory over the communists; the abandonment of South Vietnam was an affront to the dignity of people like John McCain, who was a prisoner of war, and to all other Americans who fought in Vietnam; and the reputation of the U.S. was stained terribly by the American betrayal and abandonment of its allies in South Vietnam, many of whom suffered terribly at the hands of the victors after the U.S. withdrawal. The end of the war is all about unnecessary dishonor, betrayal and humiliation of the greatest military power on Earth. And the basic assumption, usually implied but sometimes quite explicit, is that the U.S. loss in Vietnam was unnecessary. The U.S. could have won and should have won.

However much we might sympathize with those like John McCain who served with distinction in Vietnam, and who feel betrayed and abandoned because of the outcome, there is not a shred of evidence that the U.S. could have won the war in Vietnam, if by winning is meant the preservation of an independent, anti-communist South Vietnam, ruled by South Vietnamese democrats and strong enough to resist its adversary in Hanoi. The possibility of a U.S. victory in Vietnam is a fantasy remaining from an unfulfilled wish.

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In 1999 one of us (JGB) wrote a book co-authored with the former U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. The book was called “Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy.” Chapter 7 was co-authored with the distinguished military historian and Vietnam veteran Col. Herbert Y. Schandler. He explained to our satisfaction why John McCain’s retrospective fantasy was, and is, just that. Schandler makes this basic point: The U.S. had taken over the war from the South Vietnamese in 1965 because our allies were corrupt, incompetent and collapsing. The U.S. fought the war for them for more than a half-dozen more years, to the point of a military standoff—but a standoff maintained at a horrible and unsustainable cost in blood and treasure. Any objective observer of the situation in Vietnam in the early 1970s, which is when McCain and his fellow travelers believe the U.S. was on the verge of winning, could see easily that the minute the U.S. pulled out—as it inevitably must pull out from all such arenas following a military intervention—the Saigon government would collapse. That is exactly what happened.

The tragedy is not, as McCain et al. would have it, that the U.S. abandoned its soldiers and South Vietnamese allies. The United States’ withdrawal was inevitable from the moment Marines first hit the beaches at Da Nang in March 1965. The tragedy was that President Johnson failed to continue the withdrawal from Vietnam initiated by his predecessor. If he had, John McCain would never have been taken prisoner, and millions of Vietnamese and tens of thousands of Americans would have been spared obliteration.

What Awaits the Voters on Nov. 4, 2008

In the conclusion to his new book, “The War Within: A Secret White House History, 2006-2008,” Bob Woodward departs from his usual flat, nonjudgmental, detached tone in singling out President George W. Bush as the individual responsible for the debacle in Iraq. According to Woodward:

“In the end one lesson remained, a lesson played out again and again through the history of the American government: of all the forceful personalities pacing the halls of power, of all the obdurate cabinet officers, wily deputies and steely-eyed generals in or out of uniform, of all the voices clamoring to make themselves heard, one person mattered most.”

That person was of course President Bush. Does anyone believe that Al Gore, if he had assumed office on Jan. 20, 2001, would have invaded and occupied Iraq? Is it conceivable that anyone other than George W. Bush would have done so?

The JFK-LBJ-Vietnam quasi-“experiment” demonstrates powerfully that it makes a big difference, a decisive difference in matters of war and peace, whom we elect as president. That difference prevented an American war in Vietnam under JFK from 1961 to 1963, and that difference led to the escalation of a disastrous war of choice under LBJ in the spring and summer of 1965. An analogous difference led to a tragic war of choice from 2003 until the present. When Americans go to the polls on Nov. 4 they need to think hard about the difference between Barack Obama and John McCain because, as history shows, in matters of war and peace that difference will be decisive.

Reinhold Niebuhr emphasized that wielding power places one in an ironic situation. The risk is always present that leaders will get the opposite of what they seek.  Like all ironies, this one would be comical if so much weren’t at stake. This was all the proof needed by Niebuhr, a Lutheran minister as well as a philosopher and theologian, that there is a good deal of evil—he called it sin—in the world. As Americans prepare to go to the polls, we feel as if we are in a Niebuhrian echo chamber. Thus it is that if Americans elect the candidate whose bottom line is avoiding a military defeat, as it was for LBJ and as it is for John McCain, they will probably raise the odds of enduring many more military defeats. If, on the other hand, they elect the candidate whose bottom line is avoiding disastrous war, as it was for JFK and as it is for Barack Obama, they will probably increase the odds of meaningful victory—a “victory,” that is, in Niebuhr’s sense, meaning having not made matters worse, and perhaps having made them a little better.

James G. Blight and janet M. Lang are on the faculty of Brown University’s Watson Institute for International Studies and are the co-authors of “The Fog of War: Lessons From the Life of Robert S. McNamara” (2005). Their new book, “Virtual JFK: Vietnam if Kennedy Had Lived” (with David A. Welch), will be published in January. A companion movie, of the same title and directed by Koji Masutani, is currently playing at selected theaters across North America.


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By gemantel, December 5, 2008 at 7:12 pm Link to this comment

Was it really that hard to understand, Folktruther?

But if it was, maybe this will help clarify it (see link below)

-http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/120508dntexlbjaudio.2dd019ec.html

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By Folktruther, November 3, 2008 at 10:48 pm Link to this comment

I don’t get it, gemantel.  What are you hinting?

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By gemantel, November 3, 2008 at 1:28 pm Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Do you perhaps suppose there was pressure on Johnson (possibly from elsewhere in Washington?) such that he just couldn’t resist the prospects of war in Vietnam?  The kind of pressure that Eisenhower warned about in his farewell speech?

After all, it is absolutely no secret that LBJ himself did not have faith in the supposed truth behind the events that led to the Tonkin Gulf resolution—as this lack of belief is preserved on audiotape via phone conversations.

Furthermore, James Galbraith has stated the following:

“My father retains a distinct, chilling recollection of LBJ’s words to him, in private, on one of their last meetings before the Vietnam War finally drove them apart: ‘You may not like what I’m doing in Vietnam, Ken, but you would not believe what would happen if I were not here.’”

Which in turn might relate to an earlier proposal by the Joint Chiefs, that of a nuclear First Strike at the former Soviet Union, with a “prime time” target date of December 1963.

And the fact that the tape of the phone call from Hoover to LBJ on the morning of 11/23/63, regarding the impersonation of Oswald in Mexico City, was subsequently erased.

And thus it doesn’t take too much of an imagination to surmise that the “little” lie that prevailed throughout the 50s and into the 60s—that the Russians enjoyed a comfortable military advantage over the USA—just might lurk as a dark secret behind what happened to our beloved 35th President in Dallas the day before.

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By Anarcissie, November 3, 2008 at 9:47 am Link to this comment

“War Is The Health Of The State”:
( http://www.bigeye.com/warstate.htm )

But I would say, war is the state.

One can’t reasonably say that capitalism is the cause of war, however, since war preceded capitalism by many millennia.  (It has been reported that even chimpanzees conduct wars.)  Rather, capitalism fits itself into the war-state system; it is a phase of the system.  It may even mitigate it somewhat, since direct violence is replaced by greed and contests over property; property is maintained by force, but it is mostly implicit or threatened force rather than its overt exercise.  On the other hand, because capitalism is so creative and productive, when contests of force do break out they are much more destructive and terrifying than those of pre-capitalist days.

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By walldizo, November 3, 2008 at 3:16 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Historians and political scientists may argue certain guestures that could be interpreted differently from their common acceptance.Such arguments usually attract attention when they relate to present issues of contentious nature.Historians and political scientists generally base their judgment on material substances and not on hypothetical assumptions.Even if we conceive the idea that JFK was actually sincere in withdrawing troops from Vietnam, events on the ground refute such convictions regardless of how we justify his inability to carry on his intentioned policy.This will bring us closer to the real question; Can the US thrive and prosper without waging wars on others?? and if so, wouldn’t JFK or any other president for this matter,be violating the trust of his constituancy should he opposed waging wars agaist others ???.Its the generally accepted trend for the US policies which derive its essence from Capitalism that puts the rules and directives for the successful president.I think it woul be more approprate if discussions are directed toward the nature of Capitalism as a warring system that binds those who adhere to its principles with the existing US policies.

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By Anarcissie, November 2, 2008 at 6:27 pm Link to this comment

You don’t seem particularly gullible to me.

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By Folktruther, November 2, 2008 at 9:41 am Link to this comment

I agree, Anarcissie, that there certainly is a Kennedy whitewash machine that even extends to Boobie Kennedy.  And that he did increase the number of advisers. 

But, given that I don’t know the ins and outs of it, he did appear to resist his military and intelligence advisors which Paul Dale Scott thinks is the reason for his assassination.

For example, he did not implement the false flag operation Northwoods unanimously approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to arouse oppinion to invade Cuba.  And he did appear to want to take some ‘advisors’ out of Vietnam.

But I am very gullible and you may be right.

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By Anarcissie, November 2, 2008 at 9:14 am Link to this comment

Folktruther, I fear you’re being taken in by the Kennedy monarchical whitewash machine.  I didn’t know it was still running, but there it is.  The king can do no wrong….

Eisenhower had at most 1100 military people in Vietnam.  (The web sites I read today say 800.)  They were really advisors.  In fact, Diem and company were unwilling to let them get anywhere near operational forces; Diem distrusted American involvement (with good reason, as it would turn out later).  In any case, Eisenhower was extremely dubious about war on the famous Asian land mass.  One of Kennedy’s campaign promises was to “get America moving again.”  The war in Vietnam was one example of what he meant.  I don’t think he intended to abandon it.  Since the war turned out badly, however, the ruling-class intelligentsia have gone to great effort to revise history in favor of their hero.

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By walldizo, November 2, 2008 at 3:29 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

If JFK, as depicted,was sincere in getting the troops out of Vietnam regardless of the numbers already deployed there, then we need not go any further than those who opposed his policy to figure out who assassinated JFK.So, based on this assumption,one would also predict the same fate for Obama should he threaten the interest of the oil comlex by withdrawing from Iraq.Should this happen, A goolmy scenario will ensue leaving us with another LBJ’s long and repeated search for a dragon to kill.

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By Folktruther, October 31, 2008 at 7:41 pm Link to this comment

Even, granted that you are right about the number of Advisers in Vietnam, Anarcissie, the fact that there is evidence that he wanted to take some out indicates what he was thinking. 

He asked Mike Mansfield, the former majority leader of the Senate, and later ambassodor to Japan, to write an analysis of the options and Mansfield decided that there was no way to win.  No matter how many troops the US put in, Vietnam could match them.  Also Kennedy was really pissed by the military and intelligence advice he got in invading Cuba.

I am not saying he was not an imperialist, or even a militarist.  But the evidence suggests that he didn’t want to fight in Vietnam, a war that Ike handed off to him.

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By Anarcissie, October 31, 2008 at 6:59 pm Link to this comment

’... The facts are that on the day Kennedy was killed there were 4000 troops in Viet Nam. ...’

Wikipedia gives the number as 16,300.  Elsewhere I have read other figures ranging from 14,000 to 17,000.

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By prole, October 31, 2008 at 2:03 pm Link to this comment

Despite the copious disclaimers, the implicit underlying assumption here, as in more hawkish quarters, is that the U.S. should reign supreme in the world and the “debate” is confined largely to “soft power” vs. “force projection”. This
has been going on for many decades, at least since JFK, it’s essentially what the Democratic and Republican wings of America’s duopoly one-party state tussle over - how best to manage the
empire. Using JFK as a ‘role model’ takes quite a bit of revisionist reworking for some of the reasons cited in the other comments above. Describing Vietnam in the brief Kennedy era as a"disintegrating situation” is a telling indicator of this twisted
rationale. Disintegrating only in the sense that it could no longer be managed effectively by successive Western colonial powers, using handpicked local puppet regimes. If this were clearly and forthrightly explained or acknowledged to the wider American public outside of the elite sectors, they would likely have little trouble accepting it. By the time the bloodbath in S.E.Asia was in full swing - commenced by the real JFK, regardless of
what the academic “virtual” one would do - the “resistance to military solutions” among the public was widespread. In fact, they didn’t need any Democratic/Republican power broker from among the
elites to “explain” this to them. Rather it was the other way around.  Then as now, popular opinion is subject to dangerous manipulation, even demagoguery, but it may not always be as bellicose as those of the elites. Suppose that some “top scholars” were to do a “path-breaking” “thought experiment” on a “virtual public” better informed and without being subjected to the same blandishments of media disinformation and official propaganda. All existing in a “virtual America” with a direct democracy not a detached one-party monolith. Under such conditions, maybe we wouldn’t have to rely so much on the whims and temperament of those entrusted with too much concentrated power. As was rightly noted, no one can be “certain Kennedy would have withdrawn from Vietnam”, but the fact that costly conferences are convened to rehash such questions says alot about the underlying lack of democracy in the society and the way people are trained to trust their fate, including war and peace, to remote political potentates. To make an even greater leap in the purely hypothetical by coloring it with the quasi-historical, and investing Obama with all the virtual virtues that the researcher longs for and painting his adversary with all the qualities of the shameful past is substantively insupportable. McCain may be an unpalatable warmonger but Obama too has indicated his willingness to use force against Iran and expand the size of the military and deepen involvement in a “quagmire” in Afghanistan, etc., so as to make him almost as suspect.  You don’t have to agree with all of Bacevich’s views to recognize that he and many others are right to believe the system is broken. Instead of creating “virtual” worlds of idealized presidents to save us, we need to create a more viable popular democracy.

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By Paul Manola, October 31, 2008 at 12:24 pm Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

It has always been interesting to hear the views of non-miltary people. The facts are that on the day Kennedy was killed there were 4000 troops in Viet Nam. A month prior to that Kennedy had sent NSAM # 263 saying he wanted to pull 1000 of those out. He was, based on his military experience leaning towards avoiding a conflict which he felt would only lead to more and more envolvement. It is documented in several speeches and press conferences that he stated the struggle in Viet Nam is their fight and they will have to fight it. Anyone who has experienced lethal combat knows that no matter how well planned, equipped and ready, the moment the first round leaves the chamber all bets are off. Johnson quickly reversed the approach to Viet Nam and by January 1964 16,000+ troops were in country.

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By Blackspeare, October 31, 2008 at 11:37 am Link to this comment

The question to be shortly answered is will Obama be more like Kennedy or Carter?  Time will tell.  One thing certain is the incoming administration will receive little cooperation from the outgoing and will do much to make the transition more difficult.  Obama is going to have one hell of a situation on his hands both domestically and internationally——he may have to be more like Roosevelt than anybody else.

But one thing is certain, no matter what Obama does Limbaugh and Hannity will rip him apart, but it is good for the ratings!

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By Anarcissie, October 31, 2008 at 8:37 am Link to this comment

On the contrary, war is the essence of the politics of the state.  The problem is not that political ends cannot be achieved by military means, but that the political ends are often contradictory and at odds with the official narrative (which is quite important).  Both Iraq and Vietnam could have been subjugated by using much larger forces and completely destroying the social order and physical plant of the countries, as the Nazis or the Romans might have. However, this could not have been done on the cheap, nor would it have gone along with the theoretical purpose of the invasions.

The narrative and purpose of the war in Vietnam was important in Kennedy’s case because he also had to fight another kind of war, the political struggle with his domestic competitors.  Americans were not yet tired of the war in 1963.  In fact, they had hardly begun to think about it; when they did think about it, they were generally enthusiastic.  (De Tocqueville remarked of the Americans that there was no people so willing to start a war, and so unwilling to fight it.)  Getting out scot-free in 1963 would have been quite a difficult trick, especially after botching the Bay of Pigs and leading the country through the wringer of the Cuban missile crisis.  Of course later it would become much more difficult.  I think Johnson and Kennedy were on the same page with respect to Vietnam, and as you observe Kennedy’s advisors were all very fond of the war (at the time).

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By InTheKnow, October 31, 2008 at 4:43 am Link to this comment

My thoughts about this subject are thus:
1) Presidents, notwithstanding any prior military service, are professional politicians, NOT military commanders. Civilians typically do not understand this. Consider this: Is it logical to assume that a professional politician, someone who has spent years and years practicing politics, is suddenly going to make a good military commander of U.S. Armed Forces? Absolutely not! The title of Commander-In-Chief is conferred upon the winner of a political contest. It is not earned by demonstrating high military aptitude for commanding military forces. Therefore, presidents make very poor military decisions when required to do so. They typically further compound the problem by putting the Secretay of Defense, another civilian, in charge of the Pentagon. The Secretary of Defense then selects Generals who will kow-tow to him, instead of doing what they know to be the correct military thing to do. This is why the USA is always attempting to accomplish a political objective using military might. Real Generals know that in the long-term, it is not possible to accomplish a political objective using military might; especially if that political objective is democracy (as in Vietnam & Iraq, for examples).

2) I have reason to believe that President Kennedy probably would have escalated the Vietnam Conflict much the way LBJ did. How so? Well, he’s the one who hired the the “Big Three”: Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, in the first place. Presidents don’t typically hire advisors that they constantly disagree with. Eventually, he probably would have followed their advice to “win the war”. Additionally, the U.S. was involved in the Cold War, and President Kennedy probably bought into the Domino Theory. Even as a Senator, Kennedy argued the importance of the West defending Southeast Asia from Communism, after returning from a fact-finding tour to the Middle and Far East.

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By Folktruther, October 31, 2008 at 1:09 am Link to this comment

The political cost for ‘losing’Vietnam would not be unacceptable if you weren’t going to run again.  that’s the difference betweeen Kennedy’s second term and Johnson’s first full term.  Paul Dale Scott, such a fanatical researcher that the U of Cal publishes his assissination theories, maintains that Kennedy made too many enemies, both by his lack of militarism in Vietnam and Cuba.

And his assassination is one reason why people still are facinated by him.  the blatant lies and evasions of the Warren commission, like that of the 9/11 comminssion, make it impossible to bury historical events while the truth is obviously still covered up.

  The most effective deception of the American people is done by the pseudo-progressives (alright, pseudo-leftists) to interpret the historical truth in ways that provide damage control for the Amereican power system.  Just as the regulation of American industry is done by industry representatives, so the progressive truth about Amereican power is covered up by pseudo-leftists protecting the American power system.

This is why marxism (and real anarchism) has been repressed in the US.  As Francis Conors Saunders, a British historian, has documented, the liberal and socialist left during the Cold War was funded by the CIA and other Foundations to be anti-communist and anti-marxist.  The covering up of the assassinations was part of this Cold War damage control. 

And this led directly to the covering up of the false flag operation of 9/11-anthrax.  The evidence is hidden in plain sight but leftists like Cockburn and Chomsky denigrate anyone pointing it out.  People will keep digging at history until the truth is finally acknowledged, which is one of the reasons for the facination with the Kennedys.

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By Anarcissie, October 30, 2008 at 8:17 pm Link to this comment

All right; then I hope Obama, if he is elected, will be like your Kennedy, and not like my Kennedy, if he can’t do any better than that.

I don’t see much reason to believe that Kennedy was preparing to withdraw from Vietnam; the U.S. knew from the battle of Ap Bac that the South Vietnamese regime was not going to survive on its own, and the domestic political cost for “losing Vietnam” would have been unacceptable.  And perhaps the foreign political cost as well.  The correct imperial plan for Vietnam would have been for the U.S. leadership to seduce Ho Chi Minh away from his Soviet and Chinese allies, as they did Tito.  I am not sure why this was deemed impossible, but I suppose it may have something to do with Vietnam’s previous colonial status.

It is discouraging to observe that we are still not done with the hagiography of the Kennedys.

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By Folktruther, October 30, 2008 at 1:29 pm Link to this comment

Although the US is committed to a war trajectory, Anarcissie, which both Obiden and McCain will pursue, the writers do have a point about Kennedy.  He was a warmonger but he exercised restraint, both in the Cuba war and confrontation, and in Vietnam. 

McNaumara, in his book IN RETROSPECT, hints distantly and deniably that Kennedy was assassinated because he had begun to withdraw advisers from Vietnam.  These advisers were in fact plane and helicopter pilots who actually flew with native pretend pilots, but the distinction between advisers and military troops was still an important one.

Johnson was a militarist like McCain (and Biden) and didn’t want to lose.  With McCain, one would have as president a man who spent his whole career as a fighter pilot, and who has a bad temper. A man trained to be reflexsive not reflective. In a crucial situation, Obama would have a cooler head than McCain.  This is one real reason for progressives voting for him, the other, having an African-American president.

Since, however, in both California and New York, Obama is ahead by 20+ points in the last poll I saw, I suggest voting for McKinney

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By Anarcissie, October 30, 2008 at 7:46 am Link to this comment

The sad, material fact is that when Kennedy entered office, there were about 1100 American military people in Vietnam and on the day he died there were 17,000.  It was only after the Vietnam adventure turned sour that one began to see assertions that, had he lived, he would have withdrawn this force.  Kennedy’s chosen servants, his cabinet and other advisors, pushed Johnson further into the war.  Kennedy’s numerous, monarchistic sycophants among the intelligentsia don’t want to believe their hero had feet of clay, yet he did—covered with blood.  But no amount of whitewash will cover up the facts about Vietnam or its harbinger, the Bay of Pigs.

I already know McCain is an enthusiastic warmonger; I can only hope that if Obama becomes president, he will not be like Kennedy.

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By wakeupUSA, October 30, 2008 at 6:49 am Link to this comment

Any thinking and compassionate person knows that Sarah Palin and John McCain are buttheads extraordinaire who would only steer the country further into an already dark abyss.

Go to:  http://www.buttheadpolice.com

Vote for them, and other buttheads like Bush, to get asses stamped on their heasd.  All in good fun, but makes a wicked statement.  Spread the word!!  Buttheads will roll!!

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By writeon, October 30, 2008 at 1:51 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Good King, bad King. Dumb King, smart King. Lucky King, unlucky King. Balanced King, unbalanced King.

Surely Democracy should ammount to more than this? A ‘monarch’ deciding the fate of millions, if not the world.

Even a President is still only one man, a mere mortal, in bewilderingly complex and contradictory world.

It’s here that his court of advisers becomes of crucial importance. Everyone is trying to influence the ‘monarch’ and pull him in this way and that. Bush was an easy mark, seemingly a puppet controlled by a ring of grand advisors, who through him, wealded extraordinary power over the state apparatus. Men who were given and took power, yet were mostly unelected coutiers at the world’s most powerful court.

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By John Bottorff, October 30, 2008 at 12:41 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Outstanding piece.  My hope is that there are enough able minded citizens out here in cyberspace that can wrap their brains around the importance of this election.  Are we as a society going to elevate to an enlightened level of human understanding and consciousness? Simple gratitude and appreciation for fellow human beings is not too much to ask, is it?  I hope in my lifetime that I see the beauty of coexisting together on this planet.  Obama ‘08

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