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From Tuskegee to Guatemala Via Nuremberg

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Posted on Oct 5, 2010

By Amy Goodman

News broke last week that the U.S. government purposefully exposed hundreds of men in Guatemala to syphilis in ghoulish medical experiments conducted during the late 1940s. As soon as the story got out, President Barack Obama phoned President Alvaro Colom of Guatemala to apologize. Colom called the experiments “an incredible violation of human rights.” Colom also says his government is studying whether it can bring the case to an international court.

The revelations came about through research conducted by Wellesley College medical historian Susan Reverby on the notorious Tuskegee syphilis study. The two former U.S. government research projects, in Tuskegee, Ala., and Guatemala—equally noxious—are mirror images of each other. Both point to the extremes to which ethics can be disregarded in the pursuit of medical knowledge, and serve as essential reminders that medical research needs constant supervision and regulation.

Reverby is the author of the recently published book “Examining Tuskegee,” a comprehensive history of the Tuskegee syphilis study.

Tuskegee, Ala., is in the heart of the Deep South. From 1932 until it was exposed by the press in 1972, the U.S. government conducted a long-term study on the effects of syphilis when left untreated. Four hundred men with syphilis were told that they would be given a “special treatment” for their “bad blood.” Unbeknownst to them, the men were given useless placebos, not the promised cure, and their debilitation caused by the untreated syphilis was tracked over decades. In its advanced stages, syphilis can disfigure and can cause dementia, blindness and extreme, chronic pain. It is a horrible way to die. Ten years into the Tuskegee Study, penicillin was found to cure syphilis. Yet the men were not told about the potential cure and were actively denied treatment when some of them sought it.

In Tuskegee, infected men were left untreated. In Guatemala, the opposite happened.

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There, U.S. government researchers actively infected men in prison with syphilis, then treated them with penicillin to measure the antibiotic’s effect immediately after exposure. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, and that is how the lead doctor, Dr. John Cutler of the U.S. Public Health Service, attempted to infect the prisoners. First, they hired prostitutes with syphilis to have sex with the prisoners. When transmission rates were not sufficiently high, the researchers lacerated the men’s penises and applied syphilis-infected cotton to the wounds, or directly injected a fresh “syphilitic mixture” into their spines.

Similar procedures were used on mental patients and soldiers.

Ironically, the Guatemala study began in 1946, the same year as the Nuremberg tribunals, the first of which tried Nazi doctors accused of conducting heinous experiments on concentration-camp prisoners. Half of those accused were put to death. The tribunals produced the Nuremberg Code, which set ethical standards for human medical experimentation and informed consent. Yet Nuremberg didn’t seem to bother the U.S. researchers.

Dr. Cutler, the head of the Guatemala project, later joined the Tuskegee Study. He said in a 1993 PBS “NOVA” documentary, “It was important that they were supposedly untreated, and it would be undesirable to go ahead and use large amounts of penicillin to treat the disease, because you’d interfere with the study.”

The U.S. government has frequently conducted experiments without the informed consent of the subjects. Women in Puerto Rico were given estrogen, at dangerous levels, when testing birth control pills.

Researchers injected unwitting hospital patients with plutonium to study its effects on the human body. Dow Chemical, Johnson & Johnson and Pennsylvania prison authorities exposed inmates to chemicals, including dioxin, to test their effects. Subjects of a number of these experiments and others have died or had their lives indelibly harmed, all in the name of progress or profit.

Researchers are quick to point out that such practices are a thing of the past and have led to strict guidelines ensuring informed consent of subjects. Yet efforts are being made to loosen restrictions on medical experimentation in prisons. We need to ask what “informed consent” means inside a prison, or in a poor community when money is used as an incentive to “volunteer” for research. Medical research should only happen with humane standards, informed consent and independent oversight, if the lessons of Nuremberg, Tuskegee and, now, Guatemala are to have meaning.

Denis Moynihan contributed research to this column.

Amy Goodman is the host of “Democracy Now!,” a daily international TV/radio news hour airing on more than 800 stations in North America. She is the author of “Breaking the Sound Barrier,” recently released in paperback and now a New York Times best-seller.

  © 2010 Amy Goodman

Distributed by King Features Syndicate


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Napolean DoneHisPart's avatar

By Napolean DoneHisPart, October 8, 2010 at 6:34 pm Link to this comment

How about the sterilization of Puerto Rican women?

http://womenst.library.wisc.edu/bibliogs/puerwom.htm

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By berniem, October 8, 2010 at 5:58 pm Link to this comment

To all of those who see no racism in the T-bagger “movement”- Just who do you think were it’s forebearers? This nation was born of greed, nurtured by slavery and genocide, and brought into adulthood through imperialism! American exceptionalism indeed!

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By Igloo, October 8, 2010 at 5:06 pm Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Please note that the Tuskegee experiments, the Guatemalan experiments and God-forbid the pardon of the Japanese brutes from Unit 731 in exchange for their experimental data by the USG all happened under Harry Truman’s watch. Which says a lot of the morality standards under his administration.

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By Tobysgirl, October 7, 2010 at 8:38 am Link to this comment

Did anyone listen to Susan Reverby on Democracy Now? I am glad she unearthed this stuff, but she is an idiot. She seems to think that at the time these odious actions were carried out morals were different than they are now. Why do people in the present always have to congratulate themselves on how much better they are than people ... 50 years ago ... 200 years ago ... 2000 years ago?

As my husband said, if what you are doing is legitimate, you don’t mind having it exposed to public view. And as far as experimentation goes, my attitude is that if you are not willing to do it to yourself, you have no right to do it to others. (Great doctors have used themselves as subjects, for those who are not aware of it.)

Second, Reverby stated that “we” would not be here now without medical experimentation. I hate to tell her this, but human beings survived for nearly 100,000 years prior to medical experimentation. For a historian, she seems woefully ignorant of human evolution and woefully ignorant of the many ethical people who were alive at the time of these obscene experiments.

I think any health care provider engaged in any experimentation, mental or physiological, which is not open to public view, needs to have his/her license revoked and be barred from practicing. I, of course, include the psychologists at Guantanamo.

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By Jim Yell, October 7, 2010 at 7:10 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

We should be more concerned with the crimes that have been commited in the last few decades and are every bit as outrageous and disgusting as these long ago crimes.

One thing I was always proud about when younger was the country I belonged to protected everyone thru laws and the Bill of Rights. It was with increasing embarrassment that I began to realize that corruption, disregard for people as idividuals and groups was not uncommon.

We see prisons run for profit and must ask when did it become alright in the USA to let private corporations hold people against their will? It is a function of government that should be directly controled and directed following humane and decent practices.

We should not forget the exposure to the public at large and to people in the military by drugs, by radiation and without the individuals knowledge. It is ignorance and arrogance at its worse. In politics today we have strong movements to destroy peoples rights to know what the government and corporations do to control and make profit. The sad thing is many who support Libertianism and Right Wing agendas are the very people who will be harmed by these beliefs. And, yes this arrogance and ignorance is on the left too.

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By SoTexGuy, October 7, 2010 at 4:59 am Link to this comment

These revelations come out once every so often, maybe in a slow news cycle or even when something else is going on currently that might deserve some scrutiny..

Mostly, we get our first glimpse into these issues when the last person or persons involved has DIED.. When any that might have been held accountable or have helped expose more of the same are in the ground (or too old to be tried). That’s when we are allowed to see the worst inner machinations of our government and their enablers and collaborators..

Then everybody can apologize, hold hands and grieve and pledge to insure these things remain relics of history! IE: never expose those ongoing now..

Amy Goodman probably (if only accidentally) got it 100% right when she wrote that President Obama called and apologized for the abuses “when the story came out” .. Does anyone really believe knowledge of these crimes existed only in a dusty university basement?

There’s video of the maniac American doctor in his later years, he’s a benign-appearing elderly silver haired man.. a harmless and proper looking gent.. even an authority figure! He’s calmly explaining one or more things about his projects and the importance of methodology.. It’s instructive about the perils of believing anybody these days .. and also that there really are serious lies and conspiracies being perpetuated and hidden by otherwise normal looking people.

Still this pattern of eventual (if tardy) revelation regarding hidden things of the past is hopeful in a way.. It means that if we wait about another twenty years we’ll likely finally know who killed JFK and exactly why! .. in maybe 40 years we can know who attended Vice President Cheney’s secret ‘energy planning summit’ and if the attendees cut cards or flipped coins to split up the Iraqi oil fields and government contracts that would flow from Bush’s not then yet declared War on Terror.

About illegal and unethical medical experimentation on humans for profit or worse.. The powers are not doing it only in prisons and basements.. it’s out in the open for all to see!  Example: http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/10/05/dont-eat-these-beans-if-youre-thinking-of-having-children.aspx

Adios!

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By kayoss, October 7, 2010 at 12:08 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

It said these experiments started happening shortly after WWII, and that half the people accused of this kind of thing at Neurenburg were executed.  I wonder if this was started by the other half of those doctors with documentation courtesy of Operation Paperclip.

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By Patrick Cummins, October 6, 2010 at 10:59 pm Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

The U.S. gov’t owned up to this matter only after it was uncovered by medical historian Susan Reverby.

So one has to wonder: what else were they up to?  How many other cases like this are there that have yet to be revealed?  We’ll never know without a full public investigation.

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LocalHero's avatar

By LocalHero, October 6, 2010 at 1:47 pm Link to this comment

If you believe that these kinds of experiments are “a thing of the past” and aren’t being carried out by the CIA and others currently, I’ve got a bridge to sell ya.

For instance, there is no difference between this story and the experimental vaccines being given to soldiers in our (and, no doubt, other countries’) military and experimental “Aids” vaccines being administered to civilian populations.

And ITW, you’re wrong.

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By Julio, October 6, 2010 at 10:38 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

As a Guatemalan, I have to take issue with the factual errors in this story. Even if
the are little ones, it’s important. It shows that the U.S. media—except for a few,
like Miami Herald—don’t care about us.
Amy goodman doesn’t speak Spanish, I guess. Because if she did, she’d know that
Prez. Colom never said it was “Incredible” violation. She added that in.
And he has not said they are looking at ways the country can bring the U.S. to trial.
What he said was that the country has that right. But instead of acting on it, it’s
cooperating with the U.S. in the investigation into what happened and how people
can be compensated.
To the commenter above, Arabian, I ask how he pretends to know what the
victims think. Was he a victim? No.

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By Inherit The Wind, October 6, 2010 at 9:26 am Link to this comment

AS:
Thanks for reminding me.  You certainly did!  To you, AS,I owe an apology.

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Arabian Sinbad's avatar

By Arabian Sinbad, October 6, 2010 at 6:01 am Link to this comment

ITW:

I have news for you! When this piece of news was reported at TD’s “Ear to the Ground” section a week ago, I was one of the few who wrote the following comment”

“This so-called apology coming 60 years after the occurrence of this terrorist crime by an American government is hollow and meaningless for its victims since they can’t take it to a bank of justice.”

“However,the apology has one positive aspect to it since it reveals to Americans one of the many secret crimes perpetrated by their governments in their names and with their tax-payers’ money.”

“The infamous Tuskegee Experiment coupled with this latest Guatemala’s revelation, and only an Omniscient God knows how many other secret crimes not revealed yet, confirm that the 9/11 plot was an inside job, planned and executed by our government agencies as a necessary prelude for the wars that followed. Our governments, like the case with all governments, operate under the evil principle that “means justify the ends.”

“America will never be a light unto the nations unless and until agencies such as the CIA and the FBI are abolished, and secrets in the name of national security are treated for what they are: a cover to commit crimes against humanity.”
=========================================
“Seeking a World of Peace Together” is my latest motto ITW. However, peace without justice will never be achieved. I challenge you to identify the places on earth where justice is most absent and suggest a constructive people-to-people plan to achieve peace, for you and I are now on agreement that governments cannot be trusted! They are part of the problems and not the solutions and that applies to the Israeli and Palestinian governments!

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Billy Pilgrim's avatar

By Billy Pilgrim, October 6, 2010 at 5:27 am Link to this comment

Israel would never do something like that.  Only the “good ol’ U.S. of A.”.  It was part of our “Good Neighbor Policy” with Latin America. We also overthrew the Guatamalan President Arbenz in 1954. It resulted in decades of civil war that resulted in countless innocent deaths.

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By Inherit The Wind, October 6, 2010 at 4:28 am Link to this comment

No one cares. No one posts.

Had Israeli researchers conducted such heinous experiments on Palestinians, you’d have 30 pages of responses, with 100 from Robert alone showing how Israel is the worst evil since Lucifer rebelled against God.

But these are just Guatemalans on the other side of the world so nobody cares.

“Humanity” is only for victims of Israel, I guess.

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