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Can Drag Queens and Hired Guns Save Darfur?

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Posted on Jun 28, 2007
AU soldier
AP Photo/Abde Raouf

African Union peacekeepers stand guard in Darfur.

By Sarah Stillman

Can Drag Queens and Hired Guns Save Darfur?

BANJUL, GAMBIA—Cpl. Buju Ceesay wants to meet the young men who gyrated in sequin ball gowns and stilettos for his sake.  They worship at a synagogue in Minneapolis, Minn.; he prays at a mosque in Banjul, Gambia.  They are high school activists; he’s a 27-year-old peacekeeper with the African Union in Darfur.  But even across 5,000 miles and a yawning cultural chasm, Cpl. Ceesay is pleased to hear about the “Drag Ball for Darfur” held at Congregation Shir Tikvah in May.  Dancing across the stage in outrageous costumes, the students raised more than $7,000 for the Genocide Intervention Network, which in turn finances firewood patrols like the ones Ceesay conducts for the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS).  “These patrols are the only way for us to protect women in the camps from rape and abduction as they venture out in search of sticks and twigs for their cooking,” the Gambian soldier explains.  “But the African Union lacks the funds and morale to keep [the patrols] going, so we’ll take any help we can get ... including drag queens.” 

The crisis facing peacekeepers in Darfur has never looked so bleak.  As the international community stands by, they slog into their fourth year without the resources or mandate to end the violence that’s killed at least 200,000 civilians and displaced 2.5 million more before their eyes.  “We feel like frauds,” explains Pvt. Alasana Minteh, who served in the Zalingei area.  “We have no maps, [have] broken radios, and our translators are on strike. ...  How can we protect the people of Darfur when we can barely protect ourselves?”

  A glimmer of hope emerged two weeks ago when Sudan’s President Omar al-Bashir yielded to international pressure and accepted a proposed influx of United Nations troops.  But celebration would be woefully premature; it’s hard to trust a leader who signs peace agreements with one hand while arming proxy “Arab” militias—known as Janjaweed—to slaughter entire villages with the other.  Already, al-Bashir is waffling on the June 12th agreement.  Ceesay doubts that any blue helmets will arrive in Darfur for six to 12 months—if they come at all.
In the meantime, who will support the beleaguered AMIS, as well as the humanitarian workers and civilians whom it flounders to protect?  The answer is every bit as surreal as a gender-bending political cabaret in a synagogue.  It’s the story of how the international community betrayed its touted “responsibility to protect,” even as it marked the 10th anniversary of the Rwandan genocide with the rally cry of “Never again!”  But it’s also a cautionary tale about how Washington has outsourced its moral authority to three strange bedfellows: celebrity diplomats, citizen activists, and private military contractors.  Meet the altered face of 21st century peacekeeping—in the Horn of Africa and beyond.

Brangelina Diplomacy: The Rise of Red Carpet Advocates

Although Hollywood typically makes headlines with crotch shots and jail stints, a growing number of stars are bringing our minds up from the glitterati gutters.  Enter “Darfur” into a Google News search, and the public figures who emerge are not politicians or diplomats but big-name celebs: George Clooney, Brad Pit, Oprah, Matt Damon.  Leading the pack is Angelina Jolie, a goodwill ambassador for the U.N. High Commission for Refugees; when Jolie spoke publicly of her travels through the refugee camps in eastern Chad last summer, donations spiked by half a million dollars, and heads in the international community turned.  Actor Don Cheadle ranks a close second.  His handbook on the conflict, co-authored with analyst John Prendergast, soared to The New York Times bestseller list after two publishers dismissed it as unmarketable.  And then there’s actress Mia Farrow.  Farrow is headlining a campaign for targeted economic divestment from Sudan, and her efforts to brand the 2008 Beijing Games as the “Genocide Olympics” have done much to expose China’s collusion with the brutal regime in Khartoum. 

One obvious anxiety about celebrity activists is that pretty faces will eclipse complex policy debates.  When it comes to a resource war as nuanced as Darfur’s—in which splintering rebel groups oppose a brutal counterinsurgency led by government-funded Janjaweed—it’s easy to imagine how celebrities might drag us into a one-dimensional morality tale of “Arabs killing blacks.”  And yes, some of them have.  But Michelle Malkin is wildly off-target when she rails against “hypocrites from the Hollywood hills who remain blind to the root causes of the Islamic-led blood bath in the Sudan. ...”  According to many experts on the region, Angelina, Don and Mia have nailed the history and politics of Darfur with more discernment than your average politician.  They’ve also provided a voice for regional concerns that the mainstream media has ignored—flying to neighboring Congo, where some 1,000 people die each day due to ongoing conflict, for instance, or visiting the bloated refugee camps in Chad where Darfur’s instability has increasingly spilled over. 

Some may just scoff at celebrity activists (because, really, who doesn’t feel a tad resentful when sexpots steal the moral high ground?); it takes substantially more intellectual energy to consider what they can teach us about, say, the failures of our global crisis response mechanisms.  In this vein, we might interpret “Brangelina diplomacy” as revealing a domestic moral vacuum that stems from two key sources.  The first is the American leadership crisis created by the Bush cabal, and particularly the “Iraq syndrome”—another result of an intervention that has killed 3,555 U.S. soldiers and countless more civilians to date.  The threat of regime change (however spurious) is now the favorite talking point of Sudan’s President al-Bashir.  When reporter Ann Curry confronted him with a U.S. State Department map revealing thousands of pillaged Darfuri villages, he quickly retorted, “This picture is the same fabrication and the same picture as the ones Colin Powell presented about Iraq.”  Such a claim is clearly outrageous, but it’s become the strategic template for Khartoum’s apologists, from China to the Arab League.

The second source of the vacuum is another byproduct of the war on terror: the myth that “the enemy of our enemy is our friend.”  Sudan once was a prominent haven for al-Qaida terrorists, including Osama bin Laden.  But in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, Khartoum switched sides; the U.S. State Department now considers Sudan a “strong partner in the war on terror.”  Because Islamic militants often travel through the Sunni Arab nation en route to Iraq and Pakistan, Sudan’s intelligence agents are able to penetrate networks that would be off limits to Americans.  “Washington doesn’t want to put this cooperation in danger,” John Prendergast [Don Cheadle’s coauthor] lamented to Der Spiegel.  “That’s why we haven’t stopped [the genocide].”  A similar carte blanche holds for China, a major economic partner of the U.S. that also has extensive oil and business ties to Sudan; it feeds AK-47s to the Sudanese government while shielding Khartoum from U.N. Security Council measures.

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By Doug Brooks, July 18, 2007 at 3:29 am #

In response to StaceyW,

Thanks for the comments.

For some reason my name gets changed from Brooks to Brown in the post – for the record, it is Brooks.  That is actually the very first time I have been confused with Gordon Brown, but I will add it to my resume under ‘highlights.’

In terms of accountability and transparency for private contractors – if the UN/US/AU/EU is writing the contract, the UN/US/AU/EU can writein whatever level of transparency and accountability is desired.  Companies that don’t like that won’t bid on this contract.  But there is no shortage of ethical and professional firms that are interested in doing humanitarian security that have no problem with effective transparency and accountability.  The Darfur situation is significantly easier and far less risky that most of the security work in Iraq, and there would be no problem finding experienced personnel interested in helping to end the human carnage in Darfur.

It has always seemed odd to me that few people have problems when for-profit private security is utilized to protect THINGS like mines, oil facilities, warehouses, UN offices and the such, but God help us if the same security is used to protect PEOPLE. 

Yes, IPOA is funded by member companies – see our web site for more information about this unique organization at http://www.IPOAonline.org.  The goal from the beginning has been to support international efforts in peace and stability operations with effective and ethical private sector services including logistics, demining, security, aviation, medical services, training and much more. 

Also, readers might want to check out our Journal of International Peace Operations at http://www.PeaceOps.com which carries articles related to the industry and to this topic in particular.

And IPOA has always had an open door policy with journalists.

Finally, regarding the comment, “the bloodshed in Darfur will only stop when the U.S., the Europeans, and the UN put the muscle behind the effort to negotiate a diplomatic solution there.”

- Greater Western support would be wonderful, and IPOA fully supports such efforts.  Don’t hold your breath though. 

Millions died in Eastern Congo (and continue to die) with no significant or sustained Western military effort to support that UN operation.  Finding the political will to deploy Western troops to conflicts that have little threat or impact on the West is increasingly difficult, no matter how dire the humanitarian cost.  Average UN deployment times to conflicts where the key issue is humanitarian rather than strategic are stretching out longer than a year, and the overwhelming bulk of the troops who do end up deploying come from the less developed countries of the world, lacking the equipment, training and support that Western militaries enjoy. 

In the mean time ethical private firms could be on the ground in Darfur doing humanitarian security in a matter of days. 

Your call.

-Doug Brooks

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By StaceyW, July 17, 2007 at 9:40 pm #

I wonder if Doug Brooks, who apparently works for the trade association of military private contractors, actually read the article he is criticizing.
  The point Truthdig was making is that the U.S. government and others have shirked from meaningful actions to halt the Darfur genocide.  If the Bush Administration, Tony Blair-Gordon Brown, and others had truly engaged in an all-out effort there, thousands of lives could have been saved.
  Instead, Bush has sent in the hired guns…the same private contractors that are all over Iraq.  As Sarah Stillman points out, these contractors in the Darfur area aren’t really publicly accountable, lack transparency, and are there to make a profit.  Certainly there may be some good people on the ground and they may do some good work….BUT the point is that the U.S. and the Europeans need to do more about Darfur than just writea check.
  Does this Doug Brown really think that “Once folks like Ms. Stillman recognize that humanitarian security has value, we can stop slaughters like the one in the Darfur-Chad region.”  What Brownie seems to be saying here is that “humanitarian security” can only be provided by private, for-profit military contractors who presumably pay their dues to his trade association of mercenaries.
  No…the bloodshed in Darfur will only stop when the U.S., the Europeans, and the UN put the muscle behind the effort to negotiate a diplomatic solution there.

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By Chris Taylor, July 12, 2007 at 5:58 pm #
(Unregistered commenter)

Since I was quoted in Ms. Stillman’s article, I feel compelled to comment on some of what she wrote.  I am no longer with Blackwater and my comments are my own.

Over the course of recent history in the 20th and now 21st centuries the world has been confronted by atrocities that most do not imagine until they appear on the Internet or on the evening news. In fact, history shows that really, really, smart people, in really, really powerful positions consistently cannot wrap their minds around the fact that something really, really bad is about to happen.  This is one of the many takeaways from Samantha Power’s book, “A Problem From Hell; America in the Age of Genocide”.

Whether from a lack of moral courage, an ignorance for the importance of all human life, or simply because it’s not an election issue, leading governments in the world have egregiously negelected their inherent collective responsibility;  the “responsibility to protect”. 

Developed nations and international organizations have become so captivated by process that they sometimes forget they are supposed to be saving lives and assuaging human suffering.  There are enough white papers, enough checks written, and enough weak mandates;  what the defenseless people of the world need is action. Is it any wonder that the private sector has stepped up when nobody else will? Interestingly, the Genocide Intervention Network solicited proposals from PSCs for Darfur support.

My proposal was never about a stand-alone operation, rather, it was based on supporting the AU logistically, with training, and operationally to allow both the AU and humanitarian and other organizations to fully comply with their mandates and mission statements, but in a safe environment.  Brian Steidel’s comment about the root causes and how military muscle is not the sole solution are spot on, but stopping the violence is a necessary first step.

I applaud Don Cheadle, George Clooney, Angelina Jolie and others for using their celebrity to bring to the forefront these tragedies, but sadly, their efforts still have not triggered the international response necessary to change the momentum.

Ms. Stillman is correct when she says there must be a national debate about how to better perform in and positively influence 21st-century peace operations, but we will always be limited by capacity and bureaucracy and will necessarily have to look to the private sector for innovative solutions.

I am happy to discuss those solutions with her at her convenience.

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By Doug Brooks, July 12, 2007 at 3:34 am #
(Unregistered commenter)

I’m rather appalled by the mindless attack on contractors in this story.  Leave aside the fact that Ms. Stillman made no attempt to contact us at IPOA before trashing our organization in this article. It is contractors that are holding together humanitarian peace operations from Haiti to Somalia - largely because the West has abandoned peace operations in places we don’t care about – we prefer to rely on militaries from the poorest countries in the world to do the international community’s heavy lifting.  Would Ms. Stillman advocate not supporting them at all?

Peace operations have been revolutionized because private firms are willing to step in to the vacuums left by Western moral cowardice.  Western nations are simply unwilling to risk their militaries no matter how high the human slaughter.  In Darfur, every African Union base is built, managed and supplied by contractors – there would be no peace operation without these robust private companies. 

Once folks like Ms. Stillman recognize that humanitarian security has value we can stop slaughters like the one in the Darfur-Chad region.  There are limits - even if we do finally provide private security to protect lives in the region – it will still take political efforts from governments, NGOs and international organizations to broker long term peace.

But to dismiss the most capable and willing people that do actually help end mass slaughter as Ms. Stillman does in this article is a technique some call ‘ruthless humanitarianism.’

Apologies for the soap box speech, but if we have a humanitarian bone in our bodies we really need to move beyond ideology and find practical solutions.

-doug brooks

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By denk, June 30, 2007 at 12:06 am #

sorry,
didnt mean to double post,
i thought the first time my post didnt go thru….

Report this

By denk, June 29, 2007 at 11:58 pm #

so uncle sham wants to set up a “no fly zone” in sudan, kinda like the one he imposed on iraq before the invasion—a private firing range for uncle sham and friends to do some firing practice??

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By denk, June 29, 2007 at 11:44 pm #

i heard uncle sham wants to set up a “no fly zone” in sudan, kinda like the one he imposed on iraq before the invasion, a private firing range for sham and buddies to do some target practice..?

Report this

By denk, June 29, 2007 at 11:09 pm #

“Indeed, the Darfur crisis is following a pattern which is so well-worn now that it has almost become routine. Saturation reporting from a crisis region; emergency calls for help broadcast on the electronic media (such as the one recently on the BBC Radio 4 flagship ‘ Today’ programme); televised pictures of refugees; lurid stories of “mass rapes”, which are surely designed to titillate as much to provoke outrage; reproachful evocations of the Rwandan genocide; demands that something must be done (“How can we stand idly by?”, etc.); editorials in the Daily Telegraph calling for a return to the days of Rudyard Kipling’s benevolent imperialism[6] ; and, finally, the announcement that plans are indeed being drawn up for an intervention.”
...................
“Intervention will allow Western forces to control an oil rich region, and perhaps to expel the present holders of concessions. The fact that the biggest of these is China, and that America’s other foreign adventures also seem to have as their goal the control of energy supplies to that strategic rival, only adds further piquancy to what is, otherwise, an all too banal case of modern imperialistic meddling”

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By Spinoza, June 29, 2007 at 5:42 pm #
(Unregistered commenter)

Seems like more right wing crap in support of American Imperialism.

The problem in Darfur is Malthusian in nature. The desert is growing at kilometers per year and people have no food, agricultural land and water. What is needed is economic development. Sending UN troops is bullshit as it helps no one except the USA in its fight with China over resources If they were honest,they would help pay for the African Unions troops instead of insisting on UN troops. The request for UN troops is purely political in support of the USA and Israel.  Please note it is Israel and the USA and particularly Jewish groups that are supporting the outcry in the Sudan. The Sudan is considered an enemy of Israel.

What is needed is more aid and water and reforestation. This will cost less than the UN troops that the USA wants to put in.  China is quite clear that they are willing to give aid to the Sudan and solve the real problems. The liberals again are on the wrong side on political and economic issues.

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By Max Shields, June 29, 2007 at 3:24 pm #

Joseph Conrad

I concur - per my post below. The simple question WHENEVER the buzz hits the MSM - WHY? WHY DARFUR? Why everytime, Palestine comes up, the likes of Dershowitz are so quick to say - pay no attention - look at the “genocide” in Darfur.

Your right though the issues in Darfur are complex and has nothing to do with genocide. This is about scarcity of sustenance. The “good guys” are every bit as guilty of atrocities as the “bad guys”. In other words, no good/bad guys.

But this issue hits upon the very core of how humanitarian interventionism has been the faux reason for much of the historical justifications for empires. In this case, it is not entirely clear what kind of mischief is going on with the CIA, but they know that this is NO genocide. That’s a meaningful legal word that’s getting tossed around by totally ignorant souls.

Last evening the whole crew of Dems on a PBS/Travis Smiley PBS forum were ready to “invade” Darfur to just DO SOMETHING to stop this faux Genocide. No one, not a one put their hands up and said - Why Darfur? What Genocide? The audience mostly African Americans have had the whole thing framed as White people don’t care about non-white Africans. The same people who applaud getting out of Iraq (a real genocide created and sustained by US military actions), give the same hoot and holler for creating “no fly zones” - an act of aggression, that would create the beginning of a new quagmire.

Read people, study, learn, use your brains, question. Stop buying the simple rhetoric. Ask why would THEY want us to intervene in Darfur when there are 10 times worse going on else where most of it US created?

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By Joseph Conrad, June 29, 2007 at 2:34 pm #
(Unregistered commenter)

AMERICANS MUST KEEP THEIR EYES ON THE BALL! Darfur is NOT about genocide because the conflict is first and foremost like that of the Old West - settlers vs. cattlemen, only the settlers don’t have guns in Darfur.

The Bush Administration is so obvious in this instance of political deviousness. Keeping the phoney Genecide Issue alive in Darfur keeps peoples’ minds off of the US Evil of Iraq, the US-supported Evil in Chad& Nigeria & Ethiopia & Guinea Bissau & Angola & NIMIBIA & DR CONGO (4 Million deaths/yr. the last 2 years largely as a result of Bush Admin. funding of Uganda and Ruwanda started by Clinton).

Americans are such SUCKERS! The real issue facing the US as a Democracy is ‘Are we going to take care of our OWN NATION RIGHT NOW OR are we going to CHANNEL SURF while it goes down the twallet?’ Hmmm. let me think? Do I watch Paris Hilton or Bill Moyers on the US in Africa??

US citizens better wake up! China’s coming to Africa BIGTIME with a comprehensive, rational development and trade strategy. WHAT HAS THE US GOT GOING IN AFRICA? Let’s see… Almost 50 YEARS OF BACKING DICTATORS, KILLING ELECTED LEADERS SUCH AS PATRICE LUMUMBA, CREATING A SAD LITANY OF ‘FAILED STATES’ & LOOTING/PILLAGING THEIR REOUSRCES THRU SURROGATES.
The list of African Failures for the US is LONG & GETTING LONGER!

Nigeria has lots of Oil, RIGHT? Well since it was first discovered 50 YEARS AGO, the leaders we’ve backed have LOOTED OIL REVENUES & ‘FOREIGN AID’ TO THE TUNE OF $30 BIL.! Why did Administrations like Mr. Bush’s let that stuff occur? EXXONMOBIL, BP, SHELL, SUNOCO & UNOCAL gave HUGE campaign donations.
Mr. Bush doesn’t care about genocide in Darfur because he’s too busy funding outright in the Congo & total CHAOS in Nigeria’s Niger Delta! Hey, you gotta pick fights you can win, right? Hence Iraq…

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By Max Shields, June 29, 2007 at 10:18 am #

It seems to me that Darfur has become a large media spin. So large, in fact, that facts allude us and the issue is to intervene or somehow stop the killing. While killing is always something that needs to be stopped, the world is filled with killing, starting with our very own in Iraq and Afganistan - mostly innocent civilians.

But if we want to really talk genocide how about the Congo where the number of mass killings are truly enormous and have been growing for some time. But nerry a peep. And then there’s Palestine. But the connection between Palestinian genocide seems to allude those who are so fervant about Darfur - where there is an acknowledged civil war. A war where there are no simple “good” VS “evil” and where the UN and the EU have concluded there is no genocide, as defined by international law, happening in Darfur. Yet, daily Darfur is refered to in the media as in a state of genocide. Hillary Clinton is ready to crate a no fly zone and forefully intervene. And where are the peace makers in response? Silence.

It’s fair to say intervention is needed, but that it should be through fully supporting the African Union, providing them with the essential resources coupled with continued political resolutions. This is clearly, for anyone who studies this problem, not Rwanda, nor Iraq, nor Palestine nor the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

So I ask: why has Darfur become the pivotal point on humanitarian intervention?

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By Scott, June 28, 2007 at 11:02 pm #

Actually I think a boycott of the Olympics and China in general is the way to go. I hope pressure is brought to bear on athletes and countries to show some moral backbone and let China bask in the shadow of its own shame.

I don’t trust the soft approach, it smacks of the old mantra that maintains trading with nations like China will make their societies more democratic. As far as I’m concerned the opposite has been happening. Instead of our leaders influencing regimes like China’s, they’re coming away with a diminshed sense of the importance of human rights if not an appreciation for the benefits of being more authoritarian.

So much for China’s principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of others. I guess China must have learned something from our leaders after all.

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By Roy Eidelson, June 28, 2007 at 5:04 pm #

Thank you for this very timely and informative analysis. In your category of “citizen activists” on Darfur, I’d like to alertreaders to the new “24 Hours for Darfur” grassroots video advocacy project (http://www.24hoursfordarfur.org) started by a group of students at Yale University. Their goal is to collect very brief (e.g., 30-second) clips via webcam or video camera that will be combined to create a full 24 hours of footage for presentation at the UN and elsewhere. The website also includes valuable background information and links about the conflict. I encourage everyone to take a look—and contribute a video!

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By Eliza, June 28, 2007 at 12:07 pm #
(Unregistered commenter)

Indeed, diplomacy is no longer the job of governments - it has been left in the hands of the individual.  But, in this case the individual can have an impact. 

Because of China’s extensive economic interests in Sudan, leaders in Beijing are in a unique - indeed unrivaled - position to persuade Sudan to consent immediately to a true and robust U.N. operation in Darfur.

Beijing is also the host of the 2008 Summer Olympics, an event that stands for peace and brotherhood.  As the Games approach, advocates for security in Darfur have an extraordinary opportunity to reach out to the Chinese government, in its role as host, to urge Beijing’s leaders to use their considerable influence with Sudan.

To learn how you can urge China to put pressure on Sudan to accept a robust civilian protection force in Darfur, visit http://www.DreamforDarfur.org.

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