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Arts and Culture

Karl E. Meyer on Sharon Waxman’s ‘Loot’

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Posted on Oct 24, 2008
book cover

By Karl E. Meyer

(Page 2)

          In short, as Waxman emphasizes, the looting controversy does not lend itself to glib moralizing: “[T]here are no easy answers here. No clear right and wrong as there was in the case of looted Nazi art. Context matters. Details matter. The broad brush-strokes of polemic end up distorting the picture rather than clarifying it. For one thing, it must be asked: is it fair to view events that date back 200 years through modern eyes? Is it appropriate to use words such as ‘stolen’ and ‘plundered’ for things taken when archeology was in its infancy, and when pioneering explorers did what they believed was best? … It is only in our modern age that the notion of ‘spoils of war’ has taken on a negative connotation. … And for those interested in balancing the scales of justice, where does it all end? The ancient Romans stole obelisks from Egypt, to which Renaissance sculptors added their own adornments. Should these be dismantled to return the obelisks to Egypt?” 

          Granted, we now have the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, currently binding 130 countries. Not only are signatories obliged to bar the importation of smuggled or stolen cultural artifacts, but they are encouraged to enact specific bans on imperiled antiquities from specific areas—as the United States has commendably done at the request of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, Mali and Cambodia. These bans have curtailed if not eliminated the traffic in monumental stelae and sculptured fragments chopped, even dynamited, from ancient edifices. 

 

book cover

 

Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World

 

By Sharon Waxman

 

Times Books, 432 pages

 

Buy the book

 

          However, while the convention does provide new legal weapons to countries seeking the return of looted or smuggled art, there is a less welcome downside. It also provides a cloak of virtue for nationalist politicians whose concern for the display and protection of ancient cultural treasures ceases once they
have been restituted. A shaming case in point concerns the Lydian Hoard, a collection of 219 Hellenic gold and silver pieces smuggled from Turkey and acquired in the 1970s by the Metropolitan Museum. The Turks boldly sued the Met in 1987, and the case was strong enough to win back the treasures five years later in a negotiated settlement—an outcome that Turkey hailed as a national victory. But once returned, as Waxman relates, the long-sought hoard was negligently exhibited and its prize object, a golden hippocampus, was stolen from its case in a provincial museum in Usak and a crude counterfeit substituted in its place.

        Of Turkey’s 93 government-operated museums, only 78 have electronic security systems, many of them defective. In 2007, Turkey devoted merely $66 million to operate all these museums and their staffs, plus 140 state-managed archaeological sites—a paltry two-tenths of 1 percent of the national budget. As in other antiquities-rich countries, inveighing against theft and smuggling is cost-free populism; seeking more funds for conservation and security finds scant reward in glory or votes. Let it be said in Dr. Zahi Hawass’ behalf that, whatever his thirst for publicity, he has pulled dynastic Egypt out of its musty tomb in the world’s popular imagination. And let it be said that while Sharon Waxman’s study offers no novel answers, she poses all the right questions.

Karl E. Meyer, a former staff member of The New York Times and The Washington Post, is the author of numerous books, including “The Plundered Past” and, most recently, with Shareen Blair Brysac, of “Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East,” published by W.W. Norton.

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By CJ, October 27, 2008 at 1:53 am #

Say what? “These pieces are great BECAUSE they’re in the Louvre”? Perfect. Sounds just like stereo-typical dealers/curators via their PR people. Same get crap sold for millions to Wall Street know-nothings. So much for knowing anything of art on the part of mercenary frauds overseeing galleries and mausoleums. Their principle “talent” is the same as was Barnum’s.

All should bear in mind that no longer than 30 years ago, Impressionist work was not regarded as worthy of being removed to the really, really Big House that is impenetrable Louvre. Despite an entire century having passed, during which time even critics concluded Degas had some talent. More than Rubens, I’d add. The Louvre is plastered with monuments to Ruben’s factory labor. Louvre literature notes only that Rubens had assistants. Really? (Well, Holland/Flanders was original home to rise of merchant class.)

Stuff IS in fact to be found near Malibu—moved from old Getty to new Getty, where I’ve never gone. Mr. Hoving can’t see function of objects for art that Picasso called lies. (Rightly so. Not disparagingly, but insofar as art is inevitably lie revealing of truth. It’s what you don’t see that counts, what’s between lines.)

Good for Hawass, if not so much for Waxman via Meyer. No. Since looting is looting is looting. British were well-known for it as were Nazis. Iraq’s national treasure was looted—not really surprisingly—to sell to privateers.

The only context relevant, as Arnold Hauser would have explained to anyone seriously interested, is capitalism (in all manifestations), whereby women’s feet are reduced to commodity. Collecting (thieving) antiquities has long been about socio-cultural status (individual too, but mostly state-cultural), nothing to do with “art,” except insofar as so designated with intent (by dint of term, “art”) to establish “value.” Social status, in turn, is a function of wealth under circumstances of real-life context that capitalism at its most hegemonic.

Colonial powers hi-jacked antiquities while imagining themselves more “cultured” than those who actually produced antiquities. Exactly as Aggy claims without knowing what he/she claims. The colonial attitude tends to die very hard, if ever. Theft is theft is theft. No ifs, ands or buts. This is not complicated.

Not that any public museum can’t and shouldn’t be home to visiting art produced in and by other cultures at various times in history.  Museums needn’t necessarily be banks-mausoleums where art goes to die out of any context. In that sense, Aggy is right about Louvre conferring value, sadly enough. In that case, context is indeed everything while never-dead art is reduced to so much dead bullion.

As Palin keeps claiming of Obama about spreading the wealth. Good idea in more ways than one. (We can only hope Obama does just that! Not since FDR.) Antiquities are authentic wealth, if wealth means anything more than accumulation of paper and precious metals. Between Getty and Louvre, there are probably enough antiquities to plant on street corners around the world separated by only by a few miles. Living painters/sculptors are desperately in need of making a living so as to survive to make art reflective of time and place, while products of long dead cultures are in need only of being discovered, indeed not without assistance by and from scholars knowledgeable of times and places. I wonder if they’d not be of more value, however, out of the Louvre and Getty on street corners? Of all times and places—there, here, everywhere.

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By Fahrenheit 451, October 26, 2008 at 10:59 am #

I take note of the lack of interest in this subject.  I attribute this to an inability of provincially oriented Americans to track anything outside of their own prurient interests.  Pity.

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By samosamo, October 25, 2008 at 5:03 am #

So, some low lifes want to hoard a bunch of antiquities for their personal pleasure to satisfy those good old traits, greed and lust. I would personally like to see all these antiquities returned to the country of their origins and put on display for all people to see but does anyone really think that will happen. The United States of America is demonstrating its desire to prevent this as it is not in the elite’s best interest. This greed and lust is a highly marketable sector that will continue until the last person on earh will be sitting on top of a mound of gold and jewels and antiquities hoping for the last animal to come by so he can kill it and eat it.

Sir Martin Rees of Cambridge University has a book published in 2004 where he gives the earth a 50/50 chance of making it to the end of this century, these are actually good odds. With the technological advances where just even one person can come very close to, if not totally wiping out the human race with biological agents, chemical agents, nuclear experimenting or weaponry, to nature smacking the earth with a large enough asteroid or comet or a close enough super nova or an extreme plate tectonic event unleashing volcanic eruptions that will not stop for decades or maybe centuries or just the climate change of natural or human induced changes have the ability to create disasters never witnessed by humans in our time on earth. My bet is on the stupidity of humans to continue to allow the humans to over populate the planet and totally trash the ecosystem. Thus ends materialism that is just another bad characteristic of humans.

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By Fahrenheit 451, October 25, 2008 at 3:40 am #

Oops: Make that, the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; its been a long time ago.

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By Fahrenheit 451, October 25, 2008 at 1:09 am #

When the “loot” isn’t stolen, but, preserves historical/cultural artifacts; museums are magical places.  My father used to take me out of grade school to visit The American Museum of Natural History and The Museum of Art in NYC.  These visits and exposure forever changed my view of the world.
Traveling exhibits offer these things to the world while maintaining rightful ownership.

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By 123456, October 24, 2008 at 8:37 pm #

I recall watching a tv documentary that said that in the 1930’s, wehnt he Egyptian government asked the German government to return the Nefertiti bust, Hitler refused stating that Nefertiti represents “Aryan” beauty.

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By PatrickHenry, October 24, 2008 at 6:04 pm #

Civilizations come and go.

You can’t take it with you.

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By skulz fontaine, October 24, 2008 at 9:37 am #

Museums are prisons and curators are vermin. Sucking up in mass horde ancient culture and all that would enlighten. The vermin defile the dead and the dead’s honored resting places. The vermin denigrate indigenous people and their arrogance is beyond intolerable. “We presume to know better than anyone!” Thus their cry is the epitome of ignorance. Lock it up and the treasure is mine! Curators are the vampires of elite piracy and they should be shot on sight. Return the treasure from whence it was stolen and shut the fuck up!

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