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Arts and Culture

Revisiting the Horror of Nanking

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Posted on Jun 18, 2011
imdb.com

By Richard Schickel

In December 1937, Japanese troops entered the Chinese capital, Nanking (or, as it is now known, Nanjing). They were told that they could work their will on its captive citizens, and there ensued at least six weeks of what is almost certainly history’s most concentrated and brutal reign of terror. What has gone into history as “The Rape of Nanking” eventually cost between 200,000 and 300,000 lives—more than the death tolls of Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined—which says nothing of the nonlethal atrocities visited upon the city’s population.

At the time, the world’s attention was largely focused elsewhere—mainly on the war clouds gathering over Europe. The Nanking story was reported, of course, but the horrific events occurring there were remote, distant from Western consciousness. It has taken almost 75 years for this story to fully register on the rest of the world, with Iris Chang’s great (and almost unreadably monstrous) account of this atrocity being a crucial event in this belated awakening (she committed suicide in the aftermath of her 1997 book).

“City of Life and Death,” by the Chinese writer-director Lu Chuan, is the second film about Nanking, and it is a work that aspires to the definitive and almost achieves that status. It is shot in black and white, often with hand-held cameras, so that it has the look and feel of an epic newsreel. What is perhaps more remarkable about this film is its evenhandedness. The press notes about it stress the fact Nanking remains, to this day, central to the relationship between China and Japan—a source of suspicion, not to say hatred, on the part of the former. It therefore required courage on Lu Chuan’s part to undertake what amounts to a more or less objective and determinedly non-sensational account of this story.

There are, for example, in Iris Chang’s book still photographs of massacres and sexual crimes that one cannot bear to look at. There is nothing of the sort here. The allusions to war crimes are stated coolly, almost dispassionately. And, most remarkably, the central, apparently fictional, story Lu Chuan tells is of a young Japanese soldier who falls in love with a Chinese woman, forced to serve as a “comfort woman” (prostitute) for the conquerors. Even more remarkably, she is doing this as part of a deal between the Japanese and the citizenry. If a hundred women submit to this ordeal, the Japanese promise not to violate the “Safety Zone,” set up by a Nazi businessman, John Rabe, who, virtually alone, is able to negotiate with the Japanese.

It is perhaps needless to say that the Japanese soldier does not come to a good end. It is perhaps necessary to say that the film, potent as it is in many respects—and entirely worthy of our appalled attention—is at some level unsatisfactory. Little as I wish to say it, “City of Life and Death” needs to be more brutal than it is. It needs some imagery that forces us to look away from the screen—as the stills in the Chang book do—the pornography of violence raised to flash point. More important, the film needs to explain (as its press notes do) that the behavior of the Japanese army was not accidental, some sort of inexplicable riot. It was, rather, a promise fulfilled. The high command had, both implicitly and explicitly, told its soldiers that once inside Nanking’s gates they were free to visit any horror they could imagine on any defenseless human being they encountered. They were told that the Geneva Conventions establishing the “rules of warfare” simply did not apply to them.

The director wants to make another point. It is that the Japanese are essentially no different from anyone else, that their capacity for horrific behavior is a weakness shared by humanity everywhere. This is, in some sense, a truism—as the Holocaust proves. But the complicity of Japanese leadership in the rape of Nanking, and the willingness of its troops to partake in the exceptionalism implicit in these events, seems to me to tell a rather different story. And it does not help us much to show some nice guys among the invaders. All wars, of course, have their horrors—among which Hiroshima and Nagasaki must be numbered, along with the Allied fire bombings of Tokyo and Hamburg. But there was, I think, an up-close-and-personal malicious aforethought at Nanking that was extraordinary and not excusable by exculpatory liberal-mindedness. This was a lengthy exercise in motiveless malignity, and this movie, powerful as it is in many respects, essentially offers a sort of everybody-does-it (or might do it) rationale for the behavior it recounts. That, however, is not so. The “Rape of Nanking” remains unique in the annals of warfare—for its duration and for the extent of its crimes. To place vague blame for it on something like “human nature” and its universal capacity to do “bad things” is finally to elide morality. And that will not do.

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katsteevns's avatar

By katsteevns, June 29, 2011 at 6:06 pm Link to this comment

I have heard that the way Russia treated Germany was a reaction to the devastation and cruelty with which the German army trampled across Russia.

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LocalHero's avatar

By LocalHero, June 28, 2011 at 10:46 am Link to this comment

“..this movie…essentially offers a sort of everybody-does-it (or might do it) rationale for the behavior it recounts. That, however, is not so.”

You’re living within a delusion Schickel if you believe that any military on the face of the earth doesn’t (or wouldn’t) do this. In fact, it’s a requirement of the military mindset.

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By Lisa Simeone, June 28, 2011 at 5:57 am Link to this comment

diman,

Answering your pseudo-question:

“For three weeks the war had been going on inside Germany,
and all of us knew very well that if the girls were German they
could be raped and then shot. This was almost a combat
distinction.”

-Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago

Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed
them from camps

THE Red Army’s orgy of rape in the dying days of Nazi Germany
was conducted on a much greater scale than previously suspected,
according to a new book by the military historian Anthony Beevor.
The Daily Telegraph 12:01AM GMT 24 Jan 2002

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1382
565/Red-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-
freed-them-from-camps.html

They raped every German female from eight to 80’
Antony Beevor, author of the acclaimed new book about the fall of
Berlin, on a massive war crime committed by the victorious Red
Army.

The Guardian,    Wednesday 1 May 2002
“Red Army soldiers don’t believe in ‘individual liaisons’ with
German women,” wrote the playwright Zakhar Agranenko in his
diary when serving as an officer of marine infantry in East Prussia.
“Nine, ten, twelve men at a time - they rape them on a collective
basis.”

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/may/01/news.features11

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By firefly, June 24, 2011 at 1:22 pm Link to this comment

I recommend another fantastic movie on the subject:
John Rabe.

This movie is a wonderful illustration of how masses
can be completely manipulated against another nation
or people, to view them as enemies. It is the story
of a German (a Nazi) who lives (had lived for 20
years) in Nanking when the war breaks out. He
believes from his distant posting that Hitler is good
for Germany (the economy especially) as is proud to
be a Nazi. Of course from Nanking, he doesn’t see or
know what Hitler is really doing. When the Japanese
attack Nanking, he naively believes that Hitler has
not been properly informed, and would react
differently towards the Japanese, if he knew the
truth. He bravely defends the Chinese people against
the Japanese, is finally ‘removed’ from his post by
another German Nazi official, sent back to Germany,
put under arrest for collaborating with the Chinese
and then at the end of the war, arrested again by the
Allied forces, for being a Nazi. His diaries were
later discovered and revealed that he saved the lives
of about 200,000 Chinese by creating a safety zone.

It just goes to show that brushes and labels are not
always accurate.

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By diman, June 23, 2011 at 10:00 am Link to this comment

By Lisa Simeone

“Look at what the Russians did in
“liberating” Germany in WWII.  They raped not only
every German girl or woman they came across—with
explicit approval from their commanders—they also
raped their own country-women who’d been held in
prison camps”

Wow, every, mind you, every German girl or woman they came across and not only that, they did it with explicit approval from their commanders, where did you get this bullshit from? You have been definitely misled by some inaccurate pseudo-historian.

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By Lisa Simeone, June 22, 2011 at 8:18 am Link to this comment

Richard Schickel is mistaken.  The Japanese are no
better and no worse than the rest of mankind.  Rape
has always been used as a tactic in war, everywhere,
throughout history.  Look at what the Russians did in
“liberating” Germany in WWII.  They raped not only
every German girl or woman they came across—with
explicit approval from their commanders—they also
raped their own country-women who’d been held in
prison camps.  And do you think Americans aren’t
doing some raping of their own in Iraq and
Afghanistan?

As for firebombing, nuclear bombing, and other kinds
of slaughter, others in this thread have already
pointed those out.

Barbarism is barbarism, no matter how you want to
parse it.

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By Mark, June 21, 2011 at 9:14 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

So Hiroshima and Nagasaki weren’t as bad as Nanking simply because they weren’t “up close and personal?” What the Japanese did to the Chinese was vile.  What we did to the Japanese was vile.  War is vile.  End of story.

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By DigThis, June 21, 2011 at 8:48 am Link to this comment

The story shows one particular form and instance of the barbaric nature of war.

However, this article makes the absurd claim that Japanese barabarism is somehow worse than human.  In a separate class. 

Not possible.  Unless, of course, the author has some new DNA evidence he didn’t mention.  Evidence, for example, that the Japs really aren’t homo sapiens, but rather some bizarre offshoot of, say, homo erectus.  That would certainly take racism to new heights.

I’m not buying it.  Japs are human and their barabarism was therefore an example of human capacity for evil. 

Nor am I convinced that sanitized forms of warfare are any less barbaric than old fashioned rape, plunder, murder and destroy. 

The author mentions the detonation of two nuclear devices over civilian population centers in Japan.  He also mentions fire bombing of two cities.  However, he doesn’t mention that the US firebombed dozens of Jap cities, burning to death millions of innocent civilians. The US even firebombed Jap cities AFTER the nuclear devices had been detonated.

The point here is that Japs are human and their barbarism falls right in line with that of other humans.

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By john crandell, June 20, 2011 at 5:24 pm Link to this comment

Well, Mister LaMotte, why don’t you just get real and go to Disneyworld for the day
instead?

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By Gerald Sutliff, June 20, 2011 at 4:41 pm Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

You’re right, Iris Chang’s book is unreadable in its horror.  I bought it and couldn’t bring myself to read more than a few pages.  I seem to recall that NPR did an excellent commentary on the book, however.
Thank you but I’ll pass on tho “movie”.

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By NABNYC, June 20, 2011 at 1:22 pm Link to this comment

World War II was caused by Wall Street, the international financiers and bankers, centralized in Wall Street, who used fraud, theft, deceit and cons to bankrupt most of the world, stole everyone’s money, threw millions out of work, took away people’s food and shelter, and adorned themselves in gold and jewels while the people of the world suffered.  When the “law,” the governments, refused to indict the criminals in charge of this massive crime, the people of the world silently fell into despair, from which arose rage, which provided the perfect breeding ground for war. 

I had lunch with a friend from Taiwan many years ago, and she told me the number of Chinese people who died during World War II—I think 20 million.  I was stunned.  I had never been taught this, nor had I been taught about the 20+million people in the Soviet Union who died, nor the non-Jewish people of Poland who were murdered by the Nazis.  I learned only this:  World War II was caused because Hitler hated the Jews.  6 million Jews died.

That’s it.  That was my American education.  So years later, when I learned that most of the 60 million victims who died in World War II were simply ignored by this very narrow version of history, one which also omitted the role of Wall Street in setting the scene from which the wars arose, I was disgusted with my teachers, my government, and my culture.

I’m glad to see that some of the other victims of this horrible war are finally being acknowledged.  Now if we could only imprison every person from Wall Street and bust up the international criminal financial syndicate, we might be able to end the current wars and prevent future ones.  Because, in the end, all these people died because of the greed of a few international bankers and their co-conspirators on Wall Street and in the government.

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By Charles, June 20, 2011 at 11:54 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

I heard Iris Chang when she did a tour for her book. Her service to history destroyed her.


For ten years after publication of her book in English, thugs in Japan intimidated publishers there from releasing a translation - while websites slandered her and denied the facts she established.

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By The Real Answers, June 20, 2011 at 11:32 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Going by the numbers, I wonder:  Were more people were killed in Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” (and his other schemes to systematically starve regions of China which fostered political opposition to his plans)?

Oh wait ... I know the answer to that one.

I wonder if I were to go to China today:  Would I look around and see Mao’s chubby smiling face in giant posters and paintings everywhere, receiving the praise that would normally go to some kind of demi-god?  Would I be imprisoned for calling him the mass murderer that he was?

Oh ... I know the answer to that one, too.

I want to put my statements into perspective with a little background:
  I love the people of China.
  I love the people of Japan.
  I love the *current* government of Japan.
  But I have no love at all for the current government of China.

Mao went to war with his own people, tortured, murdered and starved them for political reasons by the millions.  Mao declared himself to be China’s “savior”, but betrayed everyone.  The current government in China is an uninterrupted chain of dictators flowing directly from his reign.  The new heirs to the dictatorship behave no differently today.

  China now:
To this day people are still desperately trying to gloss over Mao’s mass-murders.  Those unrepentant Mao supporters are still in charge of the world’s most populous country.  They are still imprisoning and murdering people for ‘crimes’ like practicing a religion, or engaging in prostitution (often done because the “communist” government that “takes care of everyone” really doesn’t do its job and forces people into terrible decisions).

  Japan now:
Japan has given up arms, completely changed its leadership under a new constitution, become a full fledged democracy, and enacted severe restrictions on how its military is allowed to behave.  Even the current Emperor is now just a powerless celebrity, a social curiosity, who walks around waving to crowds at meaningless ceremonies.

Like I said, what Japan did was awful.  I’ve seen protests in *Japan*, by Japanese protesters against what was done during the war by Japan.  (That’s right: Self-protesting)

But I’ve never seen a protest in China against Mao.  Even in Tienanmen, they never spoke out directly against the past or present government like that.  No, Mao is still supposedly the greatest thing that ever was, and the ongoing dictatorship still thrives under new management.

Japan has issued 51 official government apologies to various countries (including many to China) since WWII.

Because of strict government control of the Chinese press, China’s citizens have not learned many introspective lessons from WWII and its aftermath:

Americans have widespread feelings of guilt over slavery and the treatment of the indigenous people.

Japanese have widespread feelings of guilt over their past expansionism and brutality.

As a nation, China has no concept of memory, no consciousness, no self doubt, and virtually no past.

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By SarcastiCanuck, June 20, 2011 at 9:49 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Oh boy,its a semi love story???Whats next,Nanking-The Musical…Nothing like stirring up old hatreds to make a buck or win an Oscar.

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By PatrickHenry, June 20, 2011 at 2:52 am Link to this comment

Just an aspect of man’s history on this planet we have been condemned to repeat over and over.

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By gerard, June 19, 2011 at 10:47 pm Link to this comment

Better to go to East Asia Forum and read about efforts of China and Japan to repair their historically difficult relationship due to the ferocity of the Japanese conscripts in previous wars. Here in the U.S. we need information about all efforts toward peacemaking, locked as we seem to be in a militaristic syndrome of mechanized sadism ourselves—at tremendous loss of lives and resources.

A Japanese friend of mine just completed two years of teaching in a Chinese university.  He never said so, but I am sure he sought these assignments deliberately to improve relationships, having previously taught Chinese students in Japan before his retirement.

Who needs to hear any more about atrocities?

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By SuperMike1661, June 19, 2011 at 5:09 pm Link to this comment

Wrong.

The CPC uses Nanking to stir the nationalistic pot so that its own politically naive masses do not think about CPC crimes.

During its various attempts to “reshape” China’s society, The Party has ruthlessly murdered over 70 MILLION Chinese.  These crimes are ongoing, and documented CPC slaughters are easy to research.  Paste in this Wikipedia url:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_killings_under_Communist_regimes#People.27s_Republic_of_China

Why knowledgeable propagandists like Richard Shickel play on the PR team of these gore drenched little beasts in Beijing is a mystery. But why Truthdig gives him the platform to commit his Truth-crime is a question to which readers should aggressively demand an answer. 

The time when blood-soaked little PRC pols can strut around the globe acting like real statesmen should be terminated. Let them ANSWER for their ongoing crimes.

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By expat, June 19, 2011 at 2:17 pm Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

ameriKa killed many more than that in the last couples years alone…

Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen, Libya, etc…

the greatest murderers of all time are ameriKans, bar none, hitler was an amateur in comparison.

Of course you’re gonna play your numbers’ game…  based on “official” propaganda rewrites.

But why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?  was ameriKa perhaps squeezing the crap out of them with sanctions?  as they always start?

throwing bogus numbers around serves no purpose, let’s be students of History, not Orwelian rewrites.

Just a quickie example…  How many non deformed children were born in Fallujah this year…  does wolf blitzer, anderson cooper or any of the dual citizen media coiffed gangsters give you this data?

(The answer is none, not one normal kid !)  How many Lybians are waiting the same fate with depleted uranium munitions used to “save” them?

ameriKa, the biggest scurge of the earth.

every war and economic downturn worldwide originates with it in the last 200 years!

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By lasmog, June 19, 2011 at 11:51 am Link to this comment

I’m glad that the Nanking massacre is being covered in a film, the atrocities of Imperial Japan need to be chronicled.  Maybe one day someone will make a movie about the millions who died in Mao’s Great Leap Forward.

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By MeHere, June 19, 2011 at 10:20 am Link to this comment

It would be great if Truthdig had a less mediocre film reviewer. Schickel knows
about films and its history, but he doesn’t understand film as art.

Images of more vivid brutality in this film wouldn’t have necessarily made it a better piece of work. And why does he think he has the definitive gauge to measure the suffering caused by the brutality of wars?  And even if he did, he doesn’t understand that moralizing is not what artistic expression is about.

Schickel seems to favor the typical Hollywood movie with a story, a villain and a
hero. In that case, he should stick to reviewing those films—there are tons of
them around, and a few can be good entertainment.

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prisnersdilema's avatar

By prisnersdilema, June 19, 2011 at 10:01 am Link to this comment

The Rape of Nanking was an act of racism, by a country gone mad. Japan at that time  
was ruled by a militaristic state apparatus, that had lost it’s humanity. Its important to
look at this and look deeply, to understand that reason alone does not guarantee that
our acts are sane or moral, and that reason often acts as a disguise under cover of
which brutality exists. A potential that exists in us now just as it did in the Japanese
Military then. The Nazi’s possessed reason, as did their Japanese allies. But that reason
was used to justify their horrors. Countries, can succumb to madness, just as individuals
do. And when they succumb, you will not see, Zombies in the streets, eating corpses
raw, at least not at first. What you see are politicians, convincing you that the end
justifies the means, and that our morality is not as important as your narcissism. How
does one know when a country had gone mad, for some kinds of madness always have
reasons that makes it appear perfectly sane. Those that rule us seem to purse the
endless gratification of their greed. Those values, now dominate our moral lives whether
we want them to or not.
  We no longer have institutions in this country that are devoted to the study of peace, if
we ever had them at all. Don’t wait for someone else, otherwise it will be too late.

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By RICHARD RALPH ROEHL, June 19, 2011 at 8:46 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and now Fukushima making Japan uninhabitable for the next 10,000 Earth years, is the righteous karma for Nanking and other inhuman atrocities the Japanese have done to others. No love for the Japanese, one of the most racist cultures on the planet.

And faster poo-food Amerika is next! I can’t imagine the karmic horror that awaits the corn syrup people in the United $tates of Perpetual war Profiteering. A curse on their house. It is destined for disease, and in the end they shall reap EVAPORATION and EXTINCTION.

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By Don from Yale IFEL 1964, June 19, 2011 at 7:02 am Link to this comment
(Unregistered commenter)

The death toll stats of NanJing should be kept in mind when modern Japanese complain about the nuclear horrors the US imposed upon them.  As a student I learned of the racial and cultural hatred the Japanese held for the Chinese of that era, and of the odd contradictions of a people who revere life and peace while also hating those of a different culture.  We cannot know what the Chinese might have perpetrated on the Japanese under reverse circumstances; one would hope it was a singular aberration of some kind.  Unfortunately we are reminded of the atrocities in Bosnia and Cambodia and Germany - all in so-called “modern” times. It may in fact be a terrifying human characteristic that immense cruelty surfaces so easily.  It’s surely not what the Creator designed for us.

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Spooky-43's avatar

By Spooky-43, June 19, 2011 at 6:48 am Link to this comment

This article has a lot of readers, but few commenters.  Not unexpected, because there is little to be said about such an utterly abominable atrocity as that perpetrated on the Chinese by the Japanese during the late 19th century up until the end of WWII.

The details and photos will drop your head down to your chest for a long, long time.  And your brain will never be the same.  Worse case of PTSD I ever had, I and I have had a lot of them.

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By Fred LaMotte, June 19, 2011 at 4:00 am Link to this comment

Just what I want to do today, revisit the horror. This website is such an upper!

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THX 1133 is not in the movie...'s avatar

By THX 1133 is not in the movie..., June 19, 2011 at 3:57 am Link to this comment

Interesting that the word “exceptionalism” is
explicitly used here; it’s the only reference to
today’s common use of the word to describe, correctly,
the U.S. position in today’s world.
Numbers are a curious lot, especially concerning the
dead/murdered; time seems to change their (numbers)
value; figures in the range of 1 million come to mind
regarding Iraq; and that seems not to faze us…

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